The study objective is to establish the capabilities of ultrasound (US) examination in evaluation of the advancement of squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx compared to histological examination and other diagnostic methods.
Materials and methods. US examination was performed in 86 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. The study included 14 (16.3 %) patients with stage I disease, 29 (33.7 %) patients with stage II, 19 (22.1 %) patients with stage III and 24 (27.9 %) patients with stage IV. Patients with primary tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx comprised 75.6 % of the study population, patients with recurrent tumors – 24.4 %. During diagnosis advancement of tumors to the anatomical structures in the laryngeal space and beyond was evaluated. In all cases histological verification of the diagnosis was performed. Comparison of the data on advancement of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors from different diagnostic methods with the results of histological examination depending on the T-category (TNM) was performed.
Results. For small tumors (Т1), frequency of agreement between advancement of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors measured by US examination and histological examination was 66.7 %, by endoscopic laryngoscopy (ELS) – 80.0 %; for T2 tumors, results of US examination and ELS were identical, frequency of agreement with histological examination data was 87.2 % for both methods; for T3 tumors, US examination data agreed with histological examination data in 83.3 % of cases, ELS data – in 75.0 %; for T4 tumors, frequency of agreement between US examination and histological examination data was only 44.4 %, between ELS and histological examination – 66.7 %. Therefore, US examination was more accurate for evaluation of advancement of T2 and T3 tumors. Results of evaluation of advancement of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors by US examination, computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography were close, comparable and weren’t statistically different. For T1 and T2 tumors frequency of agreement between the results of histological examination and US examination data was higher than between the results of histological examination and computed tomography data.
Conclusions. High accuracy and value of US examination in evaluation of advancement of primary and recurrent tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx were shown.

 The article describes a clinical observation of locally advanced metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Problems of diagnosis and surgical treatment of the pathology are discussed based on the experience of our clinic. 

Per the majority of authors, melanoma is the most common tumor diagnosed during pregnancy (31 % of all malignant neoplasms). In approximately 1/3 of women melanoma developed in child-bearing age is diagnosed during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. However, only some retrospective studies analyzed the effect of pregnancy on melanoma development, and conclusive data on development, progression and treatment of BRAF-mutant melanoma is lacking. In this subpopulation of patients, BRAF status supposedly can negatively affect disease outcome irrespective of treatment methods.
The article presents a clinical case of recurrence of melanoma with the BRAF V600E mutation during pregnancy. The patient underwent lymph node dissection during pregnancy prolongation, after labor she received antitumor drug therapy with МЕК and ВRAF inhibitors. Melanoma recurrence during pregnancy did not worsen treatment outcomes for the mother and embryo.

 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors are a group of rare mesenchymal tumors which were considered by some authors to be benign; however, with accumulation of experience in treatment of these tumors their capability for invasive growth and metastasis was identified.
The literature review showed a small number of clinical cases with intraabdominal forms of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. Mostly these are patients with tumors of the liver, upper gastrointestinal tract,  pancreatobiliary area, small and large intestines. It should be noted that the literature review didn’t present any cases of isolated tumors of the greater  omentum, hence we’ve decided to present a detailed description of a clinical observation of a female patient with rare ALK-positive inflammatory  myofibroblastic tumor of the greater omentum.  

 Perforation of a hollow organ with development of peritonitis is a known complication of lymphomas often occurring during diagnosis or therapy. Frequency of perforations of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with  lymphomas is 9 %. Presence of a perforation complicates treatment and can  worsen disease prognosis.
A clinical case of a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma complicated by surgical pathology and infection is presented: perforation of the transverse colon, fibrinous septic peritonitis were detected during a diagnostic procedure (prior to morphological verification of the diagnosis), and COVID-associated pneumonia developed later. The selected treatment tactics despite  the volume of surgical intervention and presence of infectious  complications allowed to achieve improvement of the patient’s condition. 

 Myeloma is an oncological disease characterized by uncontrolled formation of plasma cells in the bone marrow leading to destruction of bone tissue and accompanied by anemia and kidney failure. Morbidity is 1–2 % among all malignant tumors.
Specific antitumor therapy in conjunction with bone marrow transplant  allows to achieve satisfactory long-term outcomes. It should be noted that during therapy various complications are quite common, as well as  exacerbation of concomitant pathology which can transform into a competitive disease at any moment. A clinical observation of treatment of a  patient with myeloma and diverticulosis of the colon complicated by acute diverticulitis with paracolic infiltrate formation is presented. 

Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (CMPN), Ph-negative, are of clonal nature, develop on the level of hematopoietic stem cell and are characterized by proliferation of one or more hematopoietic pathways. Currently, the group of Ph-negative CMPN includes essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, myeloproliferative neoplasm unclassifiable.
Identification of mutations in the Jak2 (V617F), CALR, and MPL genes extended understanding of biological features of Ph-negative CMPN and improved differential diagnosis of myeloid neoplasms. Nonetheless, clinical practice still encounters difficulties in clear separation between such disorders as primary myelofibrosis, early-stage and transformation of essential thrombocythemia into myelofibrosis with high thrombocytosis.
 Thrombocytosis is one of the main risk factors for thromboembolic complications, especially in elderly people.
A clinical case of an elderly patient with fracture of the left femur developed in the context of Ph-negative CMPN (myelofibrosis) with high level of thrombocytosis is presented which in combination with enforced long-term immobilization and presence of additional risk created danger of thrombosis and hemorrhage during surgery and in the postoperative period.

 Laparoscopic liver operations are currently one of the actively developing areas of surgery. The good results of the first laparoscopic operations on the liver, more often with its cystic lesions, inspired a certain optimism and served as a reason for the development of this direction of endoscopic surgery. The combination of the experience of surgical interventions and the  chievements of instrumental and technical progress made it possible to significantly  expand the possibilities of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of patients with solid liver lesions. Such operations with a small size of focal formation,  meeting all the requirements of radical surgery, as a rule, are accompanied by an uncomplicated course of the postoperative period and are extremely  tempting to perform laparoscopic access. 
Thus, an increase in the efficiency of surgical treatment of patients with focal liver formations, due to the use of minimally invasive access, dictates the need for further scientific and clinical resolution of issues related to the  conditions under which laparoscopic liver resection is possible, indications and contraindications, as well as technical aspects. 

The study objective is to determine the effectiveness of stereotactic radiotherapy in treatment of glial cerebral tumors.
Materials and methods. Results of using stereotactic radiotherapy in treatment of recurrent cerebral gliomas in 30 patients and primary glial tumor in 1 patient who couldn’t receive traditional radiotherapy were analyzed. Treatment was administered both to adults (n = 22) and children (n = 9). Prior to treatment all patients underwent pre-radiotherapy preparation in the form of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance topometry of the brain, computed tomography with topometry, as well as positron emission tomography/computed tomography with amino acids (n = 21).
Results. During treatment 2 patient developed grade II toxic reactions requiring emergency medical help. In 29 patients, treatment did not cause any complications. At the time of article preparation, 7 patients were alive; maximal follow-up period was 55 months, median follow-up duration was 8 months.
Conclusion. Stereotactic radiotherapy can be used for disease stabilization. The results show effectiveness and safety of stereotactic radiotherapy as a salvage method of local treatment in patients with recurrent glial tumors of the brain.

 The article considers statistical data on morbidity for primary tumors of the central nervous system, in particular cerebral gliomas. Significance of the problem requires a search for new ways of diagnosis and treatment of cerebral gliomas, and the article summarizes Russian and international literature on diagnosis and treatment of glial tumors.
Early detection of brain tumors, appropriate molecular and genetic  diagnostics and use of the latest treatment methods such as stereotactic  radiotherapy, allow to achieve better long-term results, improve quality of life  and lifespan of the patients. 

 BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer is a complicated task due to the lack of effective screening programs, in this regard, medical and genetic counseling of patients with a family history is one of the important steps to develop an optimal strategy for the management of patients. In this article is presented an analysis of a clinical case of a patient with bilateral  metachronous breast and ovarian cancer with a detected germinal mutation
5382insС in the BRCA1 gene. 

Despite significant successes in the development of medical sciences, the study of oncopathology issues still occupies a leading place due to the identification of a large number of advanced cases of the disease. Firstly, this may be due to the rapid growth of a malignant tumor, for example, against the background of immunodeficiency. Secondly, with late treatment of patients, when they already have distant metastases. The success of treatment of any oncological process primarily depends on the timing of the diagnosis: the earlier the tumor is diagnosed, the greater the chance of a positive outcome and an increase in the life expectancy of the cancer patient. The most formidable complication of oncopathology and the main cause of death from it is metastasis, which often reduces to zero all the effects of therapy. Metastasis remains a mystery today. So, despite the large number of various theories, the question of the spread of the tumor throughout the body has not yet been resolved. There is no definite answer to the question: do metastases metastasize? The mechanisms of the influence of hormones on the processes of metastasis have not been fully studied. Difficulties in diagnosis are associated with the lack of clinical manifestations before the appearance of metastases, the inability to track and compare changes in tissues and organs in vivo, the non-specificity of the results of available research methods, and the lack of control of the spread of metastases throughout the body. Experimental studies on laboratory animals can provide answers to these and many other questions. In a review of the literature, a study of the main issues of metastasis is conducted.